Friday, March 20, 2020

Societal Marketing Essays

Societal Marketing Essays Societal Marketing Essay Societal Marketing Essay Societal marketing based on ethics, honesty, trust, reciprocal relationship with the community and secondary focus on profitability is the pivot in the field of business which will influence uplifting changes in the interest of the organization as well as change the character of the nation. It is the need of the time, when the impact of industrialization, cut throat competition and materialism is at its peak. Societal marketing emerged in the early 1970s, promising a more socially responsible and ethical model for marketing. (2007)â€Å"The societal marketing concept holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors, in a way that preserves or enhances the consumers and the societys well-being†. (Kotler, Philip. Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control 8th ed. Prentice-Hall, 1994) ( Webber, 2001)Globali zation and International investment on the rise, the premier business publication Forbes magazine undertook the responsibility of evaluating the world trend in investment and marketing on some sound ground rules which would govern their role in the arena of international player in the world market. â€Å"It sought out many of the worlds top institutions of sociological and economic theory, gathered the results of surveys, statistical studies, and socio-economic data on each of the 135 countries in its index, assigning relative per cent-rankings for each of the chambers largely qualitative principles. The magazine then aggregated scores across 10 separate categories to develop the first Forbes Capital Hospitality Index (FCHI). The Forbes Capital Hospitality Index measures macroeconomic indicators like GDP growth and international trade, along with societal factors affecting investment, including poverty, bureaucracy, technological advancement, and corruption.† (Ravindran, 2006 )Bankers will remember 2006 as the year a new king was crowned: Bank of America, once a scrappy North Carolina regional, replaced Citigroup as the nations most profitable bank. Today BofA (nyse: BAC news people ) earns the most per quarter and is first in deposits, credit and debit card transactions, small business banking, Internet banking and, with the recent acquisition of US Trust from Charles Schwab (nasdaq: SCHW news people ), private banking as well. But Bank of America continues to grow like a small bank: Analysts expect earnings to rise 9% a year for the next five years, and it earns a healthy 17% return on equity and 1.4% on assets. BofA hasnt gotten sloppy, either.Under Lewis the net margin has increased from 13% in 2001 to 18%. Shareholders have seen a 26% return over the past 12 months. Theres empirical evidence that we changed for the better, he says, and our customers saw it.The banking environment is hitting a rough patch- rising short-term rates and loan default s will hurt interest income- but Bank of America isnt big into mortgages (not yet), and its huge retail business means steady profits from fees. Lewis says hell focus next on small business, premier-level banking and capital markets in Asia and Europe. The analysts say hell also go after mortgages, and, apparently, retail brokering. The bank recently started giving away stock trades for free for qualifying customers. ( Beller , 2006)Social marketing can be used in public health campaigns (e.g., to reduce smoking and alcoholism, safe sex, and increasing physical fitness), environmental campaigns (e.g., fighting pollution, promoting recycling, saving water and power), education campaigns (to encourage literacy), and the protection of individual/group rights (e.g., racial and gender equality, gay and lesbian rights). (Kindra Stapenburs, 1998)Societal marketing based on ethical and philanthropic principle can achieve this dynamic change within a society, community and a country by rais ing the awareness of the citizens about the costs of the corruption to the country, addressing the concern about institutions within a country, increasing understanding regarding the factors of corruption within public behavior.The premier business publication said: As access to capital markets around the world becomes commonplace for individual investors and multinational institutions alike, the race is on for countries to attract the foreign investment capital needed to fuel the engines of growth at home. Addressing this need for a one-stop reference, Forbes began with a list of principles employed by the US Chamber of Commerce when considering international investments. FORBES has listed Denmark, Finland, Iceland, the US, the UK, Singapore, Australia, Estonia, Ireland, and New Zealand as the top 10 countries in the world in terms of capital hospitality. (Ravindran, 2006);

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

Price Elasticity of Supply

Price Elasticity of Supply This is the third article in this series on the economic concept of elasticity. The first explains the basic concept of elasticity and illustrates it using price elasticity of demand as an example. The second article in the series considers Income Elasticity of Demand.  Ã‚   A brief review  of the concept of elasticity and of price elasticity of demand appears in the section immediately following. In the section following that income elasticity of demand is also reviewed.  In the final section, price elasticity of supply is explained and its formula given in the context of the discussion and reviews in the previous sections. A Brief Review of Elasticity in Economics Consider the demand for a certain good- aspirin, for example. What happens to the demand for one manufacturers aspirin product when that manufacturer- which well call manufacturer X- raises the price? Keeping that question in mind, consider a different situation: the demand for the worlds most expensive new automobile, the  Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita. Its reported retail price is $4.8 million. What do you think might happen if the manufacturer raised the price to $5.2M or lowered it to $4.4M?   Now, return to the question of the demand for manufacturer Xs aspirin product following an increase in the retail price. If you guessed that the demand for Xs aspirin  might decline substantially, youd be right. It makes sense, because, first, every manufacturers aspirin product is essentially the same as anothers- theres no health advantage whatsoever in selecting one manufacturers product over another. Second, the product is widely available from a number of other manufacturers- the consumer always has a number available choices. So, when a consumer selects an aspirin product, one of the few things that distinguish manufacturer Xs product from others is that it costs a little more. So why would the consumer choose X? Well, some might continue to buy aspirin X out of habit or brand loyalty, but many very probably would not. Now, lets return to the Koenigsegg CCXR, which currently costs $4.8M, and think about what might happen if the price went up or down a few hundred thousand. If you thought it might not change the demand for the car by that much, youre right again. Why? Well, first of all, anyone in the market for a multi-million dollar automobile is not a frugal shopper. Someone who has money enough to consider the purchase is unlikely to be concerned about price. Theyre concerned primarily about the car, which is unique. So the second reason why the demand might not change much with price is that, really, if you want that particular driving experience, theres no alternative. How would you state these two situations in more formal economic terms? Aspirin has a high price elasticity of demand, meaning that small changes in price have greater demand consequences. The Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita has a low elasticity of demand, meaning that changing the price doesnt greatly change buyer demand.  Another way of stating the same thing a little more generally is that when the demand for the product has a percentage change thats less than the percentage change in the products price, the demand is said to be inelastic. When the percentage increase or decrease in demand is greater than the percentage increase in price, the demand  is said to be elastic.   The formula for price elasticity of demand, which is explained in a little more detail in the first article in this series, is: Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) (% Change in Quantity Demanded/ (% Change in Price) A Review of Income Elasticity of Demand The second article in this series, Income Elasticity of Demand, considers the effect on demand of a different variable, this time consumer income. What happens to consumer demand when consumer income drops? The article explains that what happens to consumer demand for a product when consumer income drops depends upon the product. If the product is a necessity- water, for instance- when consumer income drops they will continue to use water- perhaps a little more carefully- but theyll probably cut back on other purchases. To generalize this idea slightly, consumer demand for essential products will be relatively inelastic  with respect to changes in consumer income, but elastic  for products that are not essential. The formula for this is: Income Elasticity of Demand (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Income) Price Elasticity of Supply The price elasticity of supply (PEoS) is used to see how sensitive the supply of a good is to a price change. The higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive producers and sellers are to price changes. A very high price elasticity suggests that when the price of a good goes up, sellers will supply a great deal less of the good and when the price of that good goes down, sellers will supply a great deal more. A very low price elasticity implies just the opposite, that changes in price have little influence on supply. The formula for price elasticity of supply is: PEoS (% Change in Quantity Supplied)/(% Change in Price) As with the elasticity of other variables If PEoS 1 then Supply is Price Elastic (Supply is sensitive to price changes)If PEoS 1 then Supply is Unit ElasticIf PEoS 1 then Supply is Price Inelastic (Supply is not sensitive to price changes) Incidentally, we always ignore the negative sign when analyzing  price  elasticity, so PEoS is always positive.